企业清洁生产审计运行机制研究

科学发展观的提出贯彻了协调经济发展与环境保护的理念,清洁生产审计则是控制和防范污染的有效管理措施之一,了解清洁生产审计的运行机制并保证其有效实施对中国可持续发展的战略目标至关重要。首先分析了清洁生产审计在国内外研究、发展现状,在综合考虑相关制约因素的茂盛是构建了企业清洁生产审计的运行机制,最后,为保障清洁生产审计运行机制的有效实施,提出了五点保障措施。     

浅论林业生产与生态环境建设

森林是陆地生态系统的主体。林业是一项重要的公益事业和基础产业,承担着生态建设和林产品供给的重要任务,做好林业工作意义十分重大。目前在林业生产中,环境没有得到应有的保护,造成生态环境恶化,反之又影响了林业生产,因此林业生产应当是在保护环境的前提下,采取多种办法解决问题,例如采取生态采伐、建立自然保护区、退耕还林、分类经营、林业体制改革等手段,既保护了生态环境又能使林业生产可持续发展。     

飓风“桑迪＂的影响及启示研究

城市地区突发自然灾害常常会对给水排水设施造成不利影响。飓风“桑迪”于2012年10月29日登陆美国,多个东部城市出现大面积停电,缺水,交通中断以及罕见的城市内涝,造成重大人员伤亡和巨额财产损失,严重地影响了当地人们正常的生产和生活。从飓风“桑迪”对美国城市给水和排水系统造成的巨大破坏出发,并结合当地政府采取的紧急应对措施展开讨论,总结其中的经验教训及启示。     

SCREEN3模型在大气环境管理中的应用研究

基于高斯扩散的单源估算模式SCREEN3计算佛山市环境统计企业的SO2排放最大落地浓度距离,发现全市工业企业SO2排放最大落地浓度距离为0.4~13.5 km.其中水泥和火电等高架源的最大落地浓度的距离最远.佛山市及五区纳入环境统计的重点废气排放企业平均的SO2排放最大落地浓度距离为2.9~4.9 km,能直接影响国控监测点位的企业合计37家,其中40%为高明区的企业.该结果证明加强空气质量国控监测点位周边至少5 km内废气排放企业的督查有利于空气质量的改善.     

Isotopes as tracers of sources of lead and strontium in aerosols (TSP & PM2.5) in Beijing

Even after its being phased out in gasoline in the late 90s, lead (Pb) is still present at relatively high levels in the atmosphere of Beijing, China (0.10–0.18 μg m^?3). Its origin is subject to debate as several distinct sources may contribute to the observed pollution levels. This study proposes to constrain the origin(s) of Pb and strontium (Sr) in aerosols, by coupling both Pb and Sr isotope systematics. The characterisation of the main pollution sources (road traffic, smelters, metal refining plants, coal combustion, cement factories, and soil erosion) shows that they can unambiguously be discriminated by the multi-isotope approach (²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb and ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr). The study of total suspended particulates (TSP) and fine particles (PM_2.5) from Beijing and its vicinity indicates that both size fractions are controlled by the same sources. Lead isotopes indicate that metal refining plants are the major source of atmospheric lead, followed by thermal power stations and other coal combustion processes. The role of this latter source is confirmed by the study of strontium isotopes. Occasionally, emissions from cement plants and/or input from soil alteration are isotopically detectable.     

铁炭微电解工艺处理采油废水的研究

随着采油废水产生量的逐渐增大以及排放标准的日益严格,寻找一种经济、高效的处理方法显得十分必要。采用铁炭微电解技术对冀东油田采油废水进行了处理。考察了铁屑粒径、pH值、Fe/C质量比和反应时间对COD去除率的影响并设计了正交实验,结果表明,影响微电解工艺的因素主次关系为:pH>Fe/C质量比>反应时间,在最佳条件pH=5,Fe/C质量比为7∶1,反应时间50 min下,原水COD由170 mg/L降至95.6 mg/L,去除率达43.85%,出水满足国家二级排放标准。     

絮凝#x02014;微波辐射#x02014;Fenton试剂氧化法深度处理焦化废水

用絮凝#x02014;微波辐射#x02014;Fenton试剂氧化法深度处理焦化废水，研究了微波辐射时间、微波功率、FeSO₄加入量、H₂O₂加入量和废水pH对废水处理效果的影响。实验结果表明：在聚合氯化铝加入量为350mg/L、聚丙烯酰胺加入量为12mg/L、废水pH=5、FeSO₄加入量为250mg/L、H₂O₂总加入量为1400mg/L、H₂O₂分3次投加、微波功率为400W、微波辐射时间为60min的条件下，处理后出水的浊度、色度和COD去除率分别为98.59%，97.62%，86.21%。处理后出水澄清透明，COD为50.34mg/L，满足GB50050#x02014;2007《工业循环冷却水处理设计规范》的要求。     

污染土壤电动修复增强方法研究进展

污染土壤电动修复是一项新兴绿色原位修复技术。其原理是在土壤上施加直流电场 ,利用电迁移和电渗去除污染物 ,土壤pH、Zeta电位以及土壤化学性质等因素影响电动修复效果。为了提高修复效率和扩大电动修复应用范围 ,现在已经发展了针对不同类型土壤和污染物的增强修复技术。本文归纳总结了 1995年以来土壤电动修复中常用增强处理效果的 8种方法 ,即酸碱中和法、阳离子选择膜法、电渗析法、络合剂法、表面活性剂法、氧化 还原法、EK 生物联用和LasagnaTM法 ,且对每种方法的典型实验装置、增强原理、方法特点和适用范围等进行了分析和讨论 ,为以后的实验设计提供了有益的参考     

Characteristics and mixing state of S-rich particles in haze episodes in Beijing

Direct individual analysis using Scanning Electron Microscopy combined with online observation was conducted to examine the S-rich particles in PM_2.5 of two typical polluted haze episodes in summer and winter from 2014 to 2015 in Beijing. Four major types of S-rich particles, including secondary CaSO₄ particles (mainly observed in summer), S-rich mineral particles (SRM), S-rich water droplets (SRW) and (C, O, S)-rich particles (COS) were identified.We found the different typical morphologies and element distributions of S-rich particles and considered that (C, O, S)-rich particles had two major mixing states in different seasons. On the basis of the S-rich particles’ relative abundances, S concentrations and their relationships with PM_2.5 as well as the seasonal comparison, we revealed that the S-participated formation degrees of SRM and SRW would enhance with increasing PM_2.5 concentration. Moreover, C-rich matter and sulfate had seasonally different but significant impacts on the formation of COS.

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焦化场地典型多环芳烃类污染物精细化风险评估

为准确评估多环芳烃(PAHs)污染土壤对人体的健康风险,解决目前基于总量风险评估导致土壤PAHs修复目标值过严的问题,采用德国标准研究院颁布的生物可给性测试方式研究了石家庄某焦化厂土壤中苯并[b]荧蒽(BBF)、苯并[k]荧蒽(BKF)、苯并[a]芘(BAP)、茚并[1,2,3-cd]芘(IPY)和二苯并[a,h]蒽(DBA)共5种PAHs的生物可给性,并基于考虑和不考虑生物可给性计算了场地PAHs经口摄入途径下的人体健康致癌风险及修复目标值.结果表明,(1)调查研究区域BBF、BAP、IPY和DBA浓度超出《土壤环境质量建设用地土壤污染风险管控标准(试行)》(GB36600—2018)规定的第一类用地筛选值;(2)土壤中PAHs的生物可给性范围为14.71% ～56.42% ;(3)在考虑生物可给性后,4种超标PAHs的健康风险均有所降低,其中BBF的风险值已低于国家导则规定的人体可接受水平;(4)引入生物可给性后BAP、IPY和DBA的修复目标值(95% UCL)为2.83、34.63和1.95 mg·kg-1 ,分别提高了2.6倍、3.4倍和1.5倍.对焦化场地典型污染物PAHs进行精细化健康风险评估,可以在一定程度上克服现有技术导则计算土壤PAHs修复目标值过于严格的问题.